Sentence+Structure,+Fragment,+and+Run-on+Grammar+Review

** Remember that in order for a clause to be independent, it must have both a subject and a predicate. **   Simple Sentences: ** A simple sentence has only one independent clause with no subordinating clauses. **  **  A simple sentence may appear complicated because it can have compound subjects and predicates, prepositional phrases, appositives, verbal phrases, and adjectives that all make the sentence seem more complex; however, the sentence is still considered simple despite the sentence expansions. **  **  :EXAMPLES:  ** ** Dogs howl. [simple sentence] ** ** Dogs and coyotes howl. [simple sentence with a compound subject] ** ** Dogs howl and yelp. [simple sentence with a compound predicate] ** ** Dogs and coyotes howl and yelp. [simple sentence with compound subject and compound predicate] ** ** Dogs and coyotes howl and yelp in the middle of the night. [simple sentence with a prepositional phrase] ** Compound Sentences: ** A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses and no subordinating clauses. **  **  In a compound sentence, both clauses must have a subject and a predicate (aka independent clause). **  **  The independent clauses in a compound sentence are usually joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, so, yet, or for). **  **  A semicolon can also join independent clauses in a compound sentence. **  **  :EXAMPLES:  ** ** Cats meow, and dogs bark. [2 independent clauses] ** ** Cats meow, and dogs bark, yet cows moo. [3 independent clauses] ** ** The ferocious dog was foaming at the mouth; the cat fled his presence. [2 independent clauses joined by a semicolon] ** Complex Sentences: ** A Complex Sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. **  **  TIP* If the sentence begins with a dependent clause, then a comma always follows it; however, if it begins with an independent clause, then no comma is necessary. **  **  A  ** dependent clause ** cannot stand on its own so it must be joined with an independent clause to form a complex sentence. **  **  Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. **  **  Examples of subordinating conjunctions:  ** ** after  ** ** although  ** ** as  ** ** because  ** ** before  ** ** even though  ** ** if  ** ** since  ** ** though  ** ** unless  ** ** until  ** ** when  ** ** whenever  ** ** whereas  ** ** wherever  ** ** while  ** ** :EXAMPLES:  ** ** Although I studied for the test, I failed miserably. [introductory dependent clause followed by an independent clause] ** ** I went to the concert even though my mom told me not to go. [introductory independent clause followed by a dependent clause] ** ** Sentences containing  ** adjective clauses ** (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. **  **  :EXAMPLES: (Independent clauses are underlined)  ** ** __ The man __ **** who sold me the newspaper __was kind and honest__. **  ** __ The fruit __ ****  that I bought __is in the fruit bowl on the table.__  ** ** __ The hospital __ **** where I was born __is in Nashville, TN.__  ** __ Compound-Complex Sentences __ ** A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. **  **  *Don’t forget to apply all of the rules of simple, complex, and compound sentences to your compound-complex sentences as well. **  **  :EXAMPLES:  ** ** // After the play  // **** , I went over to give my friend flowers, but I couldn’t find her anywhere. [dependent clause followed by two independent clauses] ** ** I wanted to pet the puppy // while the owner was talking //, but I didn’t want to interrupt her by asking. [independent clause --> dependent clause (in italics) --> independent clause] ** **SENTENCE STRUCTURE REVIEW QUESTIONS: // Indicate whether the sentence is S, C, CX, or CC. //   1. Although it was raining and muddy, the campers managed to have fun; they made a giant mudslide. 2. I went to the store with my mom, and we picked out all the ingredients for dinner. 3. I enjoy teaching guitar to inner-city kids on Friday afternoons. 4. Because of the cold weather, all of my flowers died. __ FRAGMENTS __ ** A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. Some fragments are incomplete because they lack either a subject or a verb, or both. **  **  Dependent clauses are tricky because they can have a subject and a verb, but they do not express a complete thought. This makes them a sentence fragment. **  **  :EXAMPLES:  ** ** Because I wrecked my new car. **  **  Since I finished the dishes. **  **  If it is below freezing outside. **  __ RUN-ON SENTENCES __ ** A run-on sentence is formed when two or more independent clauses are linked improperly. **  **  :EXAMPLES:  ** ** I cannot wait until Christmas day I love watching everyone open their gifts. **  **  My room gets really cold but I love wrapping myself in blankets and turning on the heater it is so cozy! **  **  You can fix a run-on sentence by separating the independent parts as individual sentences. // Ex: I cannot wait until Christmas day. I love watching everyone open their gifts. // **   **  You can also fix it by adding a semicolon. // Ex: I cannot wait until Christmas day; I love watching everyone open their gifts. // **   **  You could also use a comma and a coordinating conjunction or a subordinating conjunction, but you can never just use a comma by itself. **   **FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ON SENTENCES REVIEW QUESTIONS: // Tell whether the sentence is a fragment or a run-on. Fix the sentence so that it is correct. //   1. Until I receive more donations and volunteers. 2. After you cut your hair, take a picture for me I want to see it. 3. Even though I already won the game. 4. While I waited patiently for my turn on the roller coaster. 5. My guitar is next to my bed I play it before I go to sleep and when I wake up in the mornings. 6. Although I do love cookies, cupcakes, and cobbler.
 * __ Sentence Structure: __ **