Clauses+Grammar+Review

﻿ *Clauses Grammar Review a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and functions as part of a sentence or as a whole sentence.
 * Definition of a __clause__: **

Main Clause - has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. it is the only kind of clause that can stand alone as a sentence. **Example**: __She would stay at her cousin's plantation__, which was named Shellmound.

﻿Subordinate Clause - has a subject and a predicate but does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence. **Example**: __Since the windows would not stay open by themselves,__ they were propped up by sticks.

Adjective Clause - is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. An adjective clause may begin with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that, and which) or where or when. The clause usually follows the word it modifies. **Example**: Athletes __who perform in the Olympics__ must spend years in training.

Essential Adjective Clauses- ﻿an adjective clause that is needed to make the meaning of the sentence clear. it must **not** be set off with commas. **Example**: Travelers __who travel to the games__ stay in hotels. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Nonessential Adjective Clauses- <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">﻿an adjective clause that adds information to the sentence but it is not necessary to make the meaning of the sentence clear. **always** set off with commas.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Example **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">: The athletes, __who received thousands of messages__, appreciated this service.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">That vs. Which Clauses- <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">﻿ When choosing between that and which to introduce an adjective clause, use **that** to begin an //essential// clause and **which** to being a //nonessential// clause.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Example: **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;"> Millions watched the 1998 Winter Olympics, __which took place in Nagano__.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Example: **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Other competitions __that include similar events__ are less publicized.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Adverb Clause﻿ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">- is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. **Elliptical adverb clauses** have words left out of them. You can easily supply the ommitted words because they are understood or implied. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">**Example**: __Before winter began__, I planted bulbs. (notice the comma after the **introductory adverb clause**).
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Example of elliptical: **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">__While [I am] gardening__, I always take time to enjoy the flowers.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Noun Clause <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">- is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun within the main clause of a sentence. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">**Example**: __Whatever you can learn about computers__ will prove useful in the workplace. [noun clause as subject] <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">**Example**: You should take __whichever computer classes are offered__. [noun clause as a direct object]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Example **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">: The instructor gave __whoever was available__ word-processing lessons. [noun clause as an indirect object]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Example **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">: You can get by on __what you learn in this class__. [noun clause as object of the preposition]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Example **<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">: The basics of computer is __what you must learn__. [noun clause as predicate nominative]

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">Words that can begin a noun clause: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">how, however, if, that, what, whatever, when, where, wherever, wheter, which, whichever, who, whom, whoever, whomever, whose, why.

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 160%;">Questions: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">1. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">What Billy did shocked his friends. 2<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">After he fumbled with the words for a minute, John finally proposed to Jane <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;"> 3. The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">4. Mary is not responsible for what Billy did. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">5. The flowers, which just arrived, is for you. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">1. Jonathon spent his class time reading comic books __since__ <span class="special_02">__his average was a 45 one week before final exams__. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;"><span class="special_02">2. __Diane decided to plant tomatoes in the back of the yard__ <span class="special_02">where the sun blazed the longest during the day. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;"><span class="special_02">3. Tanya did poorly on her history exam __<span class="special_02">because her best friend Giselle insisted on gossiping during their study session the night before. __ <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;"><span class="special_02">4. Where the sun shown on them, __the fields glowed like a lighted fireplace__. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;"><span class="special_02">5. __<span class="special_02">Because my dog loves pizza crusts __, he never barks at the deliveryman
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">﻿*For the following write the subordinate clause and decide whether it is a adjective, adverb, or noun clause (if it is a noun clause tell how it is functioning). **
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 115%;">*For the following write main clause or subordinate clause to identify the underlined clauses. **